Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing significance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Th

UHMWPE, celebrated for its exceptional durability, has emerged as a cornerstone in the field of medical applications. Its outstanding biocompatibility and low friction coefficient enable UHMWPE an ideal option for a wide range of implants, prosthetics, and surgical devices. Furthermore, its resistance to wear and tear guarantees long-term device

Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, dislodging atoms that then